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Historians Figure Out How Ancient Sailors Navigated Mediterranean By Building One of Their Ships_我的网站

一 |     What better way to figure out a mystery of the ancients than to try it out yourself? That’s what one sailing aficionado from Israel did when confronted with a puzzle from the Christian Bible.,David Gal, a doctoral student in the Department of Maritime Civilizations at the University of Haifa, says he has figured out why the Christian Apostle Paul sailed from Judea to Rome along the southern coast of Anatolia in 60 CE - a route that, to him, wasn’t the most obvious one, since most winds in the Mediterranean are westerlies and Paul was going west.,That year, Paul was sent to the imperial capital to answer to Jewish authorities for preaching the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who claimed to have been the Jewish messiah. Most Jews did not accept Jesus’ teachings, and he was tried and executed by crucifixion for blasphemy and subversion in either 30 or 33 CE.,Paul’s journey is recounted in unusual detail in the New Testament book of Acts. The preacher zigzagged his way across the sea, swinging north of Cyprus before heading to the city of Myra (modern Demre) in southern Anatolia. From there, he went west past Rhodes, to Knidos, then south to the southern coast of Crete and west across the southernmost parts of the Ionian Sea. However, he was shipwrecked in Malta and his journey took much longer than anticipated.,“Until recently, we didn’t understand why the Alexandrian grain ship that Paul joined in southern Anatolia, bound for Rome, chose that particular route,” Gal told Haaretz.,The boat, Ma’agan Mikhael II, is a replica of a ship found in 1985 about 2 meters underneath the seabed off the coast of Kibbutz Ma’agan Mikhael in northern Israel, not far from Caesarea. In ancient times, the city was known as Caesarea Maritima or Caesarea Palestine, named after the Roman emperor Augustus Caesar. The replica boat was finished in 2016 and is just one of two ships in the world that simulates a merchant sailing vessel from Before the Common Era (BCE).,By coincidence, Caesarea also happens to be the port from which Paul left on his trip to Rome.,In part, Gal’s study was based on computer modeling, which combined vast amounts of weather data and conducted 5,479 virtual sailing trips along 224 different possible routes from Caesarea to Rome, for a total of 1.2 million virtual sailing trips. However, that wasn’t enough: Gal also took a crew of 10 volunteer sailors out in the Ma’agan Mikhael II to explore the intangible human element of the journey. With just one sail, the ship moves along at a brisk 3.9 miles per hour.,“Only when we sailed on Ma’agan Mikhael II did we understand the real limitations of the ship and the sailors,” Gal told Haaretz. “We found that in many sections of the coast, the breeze doesn’t support this type of movement.”,“They didn’t sail counter to the prevailing wind, but waited for days with a favorable wind in the opposite direction,” Gal concluded. “We found there were such days in a large meteorological sampling. Until now, scholars didn’t examine that but used low-resolution meteorological averages that erase the variance in the wind.”,Gal said he has taken the ship out more than 80 times, sailing as far as Cyprus, and found that the daily wind patterns, in which breezes can blow westward from the Levantine coast, have remained strong after 3,000 years. By navigating those patterns, ancient sailors could have crept up the coast until they found more favorable winds.,“We have data about its performance in all wind conditions and how various currents affect it, and that enables us to conduct a reliable simulation of sailing. With its help, we acquired insights into the way such a ship is operated; we had a better understanding of how four people can sail from Greece to here and back,” he said.。    由伦敦自然历史博物馆举办的年度野生动物摄影师大赛涵盖了19个不同类别，包括城市野生动物、湿地、动物肖像和无脊椎动物行为等。今年的比赛吸引了来自93个国家的摄影师提交的近40,000件作品。年度最佳摄影师奖由美国摄影师Karine Aigner获得，他拍摄的雄性仙人掌蜜蜂蜂拥在“交配球”中心的一只雌性仙人掌蜜蜂上，令人惊叹。

二 | 这并不是Aigner在2022年第一次获奖。几个月前，由加州科学院举办的BigPicture自然摄影大赛也授予了“交配球”图像年度照片。评审团主席Rosamund Kidman Cox说道：“振翅欲飞，来势汹汹的雄蜂对着直接滚入画面的嗡嗡作响的蜜蜂球发起冲击。在蜜蜂级别的放大镜下，运动感和强度被展现出来并将小仙人掌蜜蜂转化为争夺一只雌蜂的大竞争者。”今年的另一个亮点作品来自于城市野生动物类别的获奖者。这张照片的特点是一对北极熊居住在一个已经被遗弃多时的定居点的房子里。这幅不可思议的图片是由摄影师Dmitry Kokh拍摄，他在俄罗斯楚科奇海的一个孤岛上发现了这些北极熊。Kokh将一架低噪音的无人机送上岛以拍摄一系列惊人的图片，它们展示了一些生活在这个定居点的北极熊。自然历史博物馆馆长Doug Gurr说道：“野生动物摄影师为我们提供了进入野生物种生活的难忘一瞥，分享了看不见的细节、迷人的行为及关于气候和生物多样性危机的一线报道。这些图片展示了他们对自然界的敬畏和欣赏以及采取行动保护自然界的迫切需要。

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